Yellow Earth Essay Example

Yellow Earth Paper According to the New York State Writers Institute Yellow Earth has swiped away viewers of almost every nationality. The burst of Yellow Earth in the Chinese culture surpassed any film before made by any Japanese arena. It meant future hope for cinematographers like Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige which have enthralled cinemagoers with works like Red Sorghum and Farewell, My Concubine. As with other trailblazers, the Fifth Generation needed a breakthrough movie to bring them to the attention of viewers at home and abroad. This new era of filming color and graphics for the viewers back in 1984 was a smashing hit for the Chinese community. It brought a new way of thinking for many up to now film makers which back in those days visualization in films was not an option. As of 1984 and after the making of Yellow Earth there was great propaganda for Chinese films, specifically filmed and produced by Zhang and Chen who established themselves at the forefront of world cinema surpassing Japanese films because of their unique way and avenues to new ways of making film. This has made Chinese cinema since 1949 the state propaganda machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Yellow Earth, which is set in 1939, centers on the relationship between Gu Qing, a member of the Eighth Route Army, and a peasant family. Gu comes to the village to compile a collection of folk songs; he meets the young Cuiqiao and her family. She is due to enter into an arranged marriage, which terrifies her. She is inspired by Gus stories of girls fighting in the army; she asks him whether she can follow him back to Yanan. While she awaits his return, she is forced to marry her appointed groom. She decides to try to join an army unit that is camping on the other side of the Yellow River. The relationship between the people who live and love this land, the party of soldiers and the land; giving the film its title of Yellow Earth. This is a Maoist revolutionary thought. The people from china struggle against the hardships of the land as they have done throughout history. Yellow Earth’s message is not openly showing and pointing out the major problems which China has come across in the past and still does against the vast masses and it’s situations but it discusses and brings reality to the viewers concerning communism and it’s purpose for the people. â€Å"Here to save the people† as Cuiqao says placing her faith and her passion with the soldiers who believe in the same cause and contributes to her inspiration of making her land a better place to live. This is the first film to emerge from China and one of the most thrilling debut features of the 80s; catching the attention of the viewers, nationally and internationally. A Communist soldier visits a backward village in 1939, and is billeted with a taciturn widower and his teenage daughter and son. The soldiers mission is to collect folk songs, and its through the exchange of songs that he gradually wins the trust and affection of his hosts. The widower’s young daughter is to be sold into marriage with a much older man. The soldiers conversations of breaking up with feudal tradition fills her with unrealistic hopes of escaping her fate as she insistently thinks of a way of leaving her fate to her own battle. The soldier returns to his base, leaving her to take her future in her own hands. There are political undercurrents here that got the film into trouble in China: the encounter between the CP and Chinas peasants is shown not as an instant meeting of minds, but as the uneasy, frustrating, and ultimately unresolved process that it actually was. What really stirred things up in old Beijing was the films insistence on going its own way. Chen Kaige and his cinematographer Zhang Yimou have invented a new language of colors, shadows, glances, spaces, and unspoken thoughts and implications; and theyve made their own language be spoken to anyone involved in the making of this movie as well as viewers from all over the world. Consistent with Chinese art, Zhang Yimous cinematography works with a limited range of colors, natural lighting, and a non-perspective use of filmic space that aspires to a Taoist thought :Silent is the roaring Sound, Formless is the Image Grand. The use of silence as a component of Third Cinema is much like the empty space of Chinese art or cinema. The long shots of the natural environment possess a respect that is accompanied by silence. By drawing upon characteristics of Chinese art, the fifth generation of Chinas film-makers create a new vocabulary, a new filmic language with which to work. By challenging Western aesthetic practice, films such as Yellow Earth can be placed within the realm of a Third Cinema.

Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower Essay Essays

Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower Essay Essays Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower Essay Paper Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower Essay Paper Essay Topic: Parable Of the Sower Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower Introduction The novel. fable of the sower was authored by Octavia E. Butler. The novel was published in 1993. It is the first book in a two-book series of scientific discipline and fiction books written by Octavia E. Butler which is set in a chance where the authorities has collapsed. The novel is centered on Lauren Olamina a immature adult female who has the ability to experience and comprehend hurting and many other esthesiss of others. She develops a benevolent spiritual and philosophical faith in her childhood in the staying parts of a gated community in Los Angeles ( the author has dubbed this hyperempathy ) . During that clip. there is increased resource scarceness and high degrees of poorness which has led the civil society to return to relative anarchism. Equally shortly as the community’s security is compromised. her place is tattered and her household is murdered. After the incidence that led to loss of her parents. Lauren Olamina travels to North together with other subsisters to travel and seek to get down a new community where her faith- Earthseed can turn and boom. The fresh describes the conditions the society is traveling through in the metropolis of California in 2024. The metropolis has turned to hell and this has led to creative activity of three categories of people who are stat mis apart financially and in their social position. i. e. the hapless. the in-between category and the rich. The poorness and insecurity degrees non merely in California but besides in the whole of America are really high with different politicians giving empty promises on how they will relieve the state of affairs. Against such unpleasant background. Butler presents her intelligent heroine. Lauren who is believed to be thoughtful and independent miss who apart from believing about herself she suffers from what the author footings as â€Å"hyperempathy syndrome†- She is extremely sensitive to the torment of others. experiencing it as if it were her ain. It is this feeling that keeps coercing her to alter non merely the belief system but besides economically change the society and deliver her people from the torment they are traveling through. Lauren does non admit the belief system of her seniors but make an attempt to get down her ain system that is true harmonizing to her experience and that is accorded with common sense and observation. From the novel we get to cognize that Lauren acquired the â€Å"hyperempathy syndrome. † from her dependent female parent who died while giving birth to her. There is no freedom in Laurent’s society. At the oncoming of the novel. we find Lauren. her household and other households that live within the walled vicinity life as practical captives. Any clip they want to travel outside they must be armed. They live under eternal besieging ensuing from drug nuts and stealers who aimlessly wander the streets outside. These drug nuts are despairing and many a times they break into their vicinity. burn. bargain and rummage whatever they can. In Laurent’s society. there are is no potencies for the immature that are within the walls-they will go on to acquire hapless due to miss of occupations and their lives continue to decline easy. For illustration what Bianca Montoya-seventeen twelvemonth old expects when she marries is to populate in a garage-like house. The national authorities is incapacitated to better the status. The exclusive option for Laurent’s people is traveling to urban of Olivar’s company. But for the people who consider this option. they do so for the interest of their security and non for freedom grounds since the company will presume duty of each portion of their lives- Lauren refuses to travel to Olivar. She alternatively journeys to the North for freedom despite the fact that she is cognizant of the danger of thejourneyand she does non clearly know her end point. Most of those people that travel with her are making so as to get away practical bondage. For illustration Zahra Moss escaped frequent battle from her hubby. Allie Gilchrist and Jill were get awaying bondage from their male parent who had forced them to harlotry and Jill and Allie Gilchrist was running from her employer who is enslaving her due to her debtr. Laurent’s reaching at Bankole’s belongings gives her to take on of whether to remain at that place or non. Though endurance in this new topographic point is disputing. they have the privilege of liberating from outside subjugation unlike their opposite numbers who sojourned to Olivar. ( Butler 204 ) . From the novel. the writer tries to indicate out the subject of Self-reliance. For case. even when Laurent is immature of age ( at the age of 15 old ages ) she already has the cognition of the province of her community-that it is doomed and that no 1 is ready to present it from the convulsion. This encourages her to populate a autonomous life and non to depend on any external authorization to assist her such as the constabulary who are really corrupt-the regulation of jurisprudence in the community has broken down. This besides encourages her to read everything that would assist her cognize how to go on to be when the clip is mature for her to go forth Robledo ( her community ) . For illustration. she learns how to utilize guns and how to manage medical exigencies. Once they start sojourning. Laurent and her group survive because of attentive and utilizing their resources in a more wise manner. After making the land where they intend to construct their first Earthseed community. they still require to be autonomous. Since there are no callings in this new country where they build their first Earthseed community. they have to about get down from abrasion and upkeep themselves by what they can cultivate and sell. Self-reliance hence becomes a basic rule of the Earthseed faith. Harmonizing to this faith which was founded by Laurent. it is imprudent for people to foolishly delay upon God to come and assist them –they have to labor so as to convey nutrient onto their tabular array. It is their duty to model their ain fate based on their personal attempts. ( ch. 11 ) . Harmonizing to Butler ( 158 ) . the novel besides shows the prostration of community and the steady reconstructing of another 1. Social orders are about broken in Robledo in 2024 and the lone topographic points where community seems to be is within the walled countries in which the center category and the rich people live a normal unrecorded. Though the people in the walled countries where the in -between category unrecorded do non like one another. they take the duty to support their vicinity. This community is doomed and at the terminal when it is invaded ; there is nil left but chaos and lawlessness. In this helter-skelter universe. Laurent and her community must larn the links of fondness and trustiness that conveying bond people in unison. In Laurent’s new community. there is sense of community-hood. togetherness and trueness to the ideals of the society. For illustration. after Jill Gilchrist is killed. Lauren consoles and amenitiess Jill’s sister. Allie ( Ch. 24 ) . This is advancement on the procedure of organizing the Earthseed community of people that portion common values and value one another. ( Butler 182 ) . The novel besides reveals a hapless faith which Laurent is against. Harmonizing to the Baptist faith where Laurent’s male parent is a curate. they foolishly depend on God. They believe that their God can make everything for them and hence there is no demand for battle. This sort of faith has contributed to the increased degrees of poorness in the community. This is why Laurent challenges her father’s religion. She wholly rejects his father’s faith and alternatively creates her own-Earthseed which entirely believes in laboring for one’s survival alternatively of foolishly waiting upon God. ( ch. 7 ) . Contrary to Laurent’s success after disputing her father’s faith. Keith-Laurent’s immature brother after disputing his male parent faith chooses a damaging class which ends in his death. He struggles to be independent by running from his father’s faith but this independency costs him his life ( ch. 9 ) . Harmonizing to Margalit ( 6 ) . Even though America is still in given democracy. there is no 1 in Laurent’s household and vicinity that is ready to vote except her male parent. Basic goods are scarce and costly. Outside the enclosed vicinities. there is anarchy. Peoples have entered in all types of depression. For illustration. drug dependence and disease is rampant. cadavers lie all over the streets and many people are hungering and homeless. The federal authorities supports speaking about relieving the state of affairs. but it is fundamentally immaterial to most people’s lives. The constabulary have worsened the state of affairs besides as they charge a fee before look intoing a offense. Mentions Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower. United States: Four Walls Eight Windows imperativeness. 1993. Print. Fox. Margalit. â€Å"Octavia E. Butler. Science Fiction Writer. Dies at 58? diary of scientific discipline fiction. ( 2003 ) . Beginning papers

Multiple choice question and 3 short answered question Term Paper

Multiple choice question and 3 short answered question - Term Paper Example The law of demand states that for a rise (fall) in price, ceteris paribus, the quantity demanded of a good will fall (rise). The instances we saw were changes in factors that determine the quantity demanded at each price, or the demand. Changes in these factors causes changes in demand, while changes in price causes changes in quantity demanded. A change in quantity demanded for every given price constitutes a change in demand. Thus the instances discussed above are not about exhibitions of the law of demand. Rather, they exhibit the effects that changes in factors that influence demands have on quantity demanded at every price. THIS QUESTION DOES NOT MAKE SENSE. IS IT A RISE IN THE PRICE OF RIVAL CARS? OR CARS MANUFACTURED IN OTHER COUNTRIES? AN INCREASE IN THE PRICE OF CARS IN THE FRAMEWORK CONSIDERED IMPLIES AN INCREASE IN THE PRICE OF CARS IN EQUILIBRIUM AND THAT IS TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN DEMANDS OR A FALL IN SUPPLY CAUSED BY SOME UNDERLYING CHANGES IN FACTORS THAT AFFECT THESE LIKE INCOMES OR PRICE OF INPUTS ETC. The effects are unclear until we know how these manufacturing plants were related to the Australian cars. If they produced substitutes for markets where the Australian car makers also compete, then the demand for Australian cars will increase. The effect will be similar to case a) shown above. If however these are unrelated, then there will be no effects at all and the equilibrium point will remain unchanged. There are two potential effects on the supply. First, introduction of robotics may lead to increase in costs per unit. However, the labour that the robots replace will lead to savings on labour costs. Secondly, there will be an increase in efficiency that will lead to a reduction in costs. Thus on the net it is likely that the per unit costs of production will go down. In that case for every price a higher amount of supply

Research report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research report - Assignment Example Participants strategically disclose private information so as to create connections with others that further have impacts on their relationships. The individuals who are highly connected through social media view this as normal parts of the day to day life. The study explains the concept of cyber stalking in greater theoretical depth and uses qualitative data to examine the practice and effects of individuals surveying each other using social media sites. The study also monitors the theory of social media in promoting and facilitating stalking in the modern society. On the last section of the study, I focus on examples of discourse to show how cyber stalking is carried out in the day to day life. What motivates people to engage in it and the impacts on participants? The qualitative data of this research study draws from the use of social media and modern technologies like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. The quotes in this paper are representatives of the attitudes and the practices among the participants in technologically mediated social lives and using social media to monitor others. During the study, three hundred undergraduate students were interviewed during a preliminary examination of causes of broken relationships. Ninety percent of the responses were emotions, unwanted courting that lead to termination of relationships thus extending to cyber stalking. Most of them upload photos and videos of other people making cyber stalking occur in both non-consensual and sexual fashions, and this leads to invasion of the individual’s privacy. They encroach on the private, virtual space or other peoples timeline on social media leading to sexual harassment. It is an unwelcome form of Cyberstalking as it resembles sexual harassment undertaken in a clandestine way (Easttom, & Taylor, 2011). It is clear that social crime is reciprocal. People post content with high expectations that others will view it. Some go to an extent of

My Head and My Hear by Maria Cosway Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Head and My Hear by Maria Cosway - Article Example From this discussion it is clear that  the heart admits that it is in grief and regrets all the actions t has done before. The counter argument is presented in a genius way by the heart implying that the heart can correct all the past mistakes. The head claims that the heart condemns others but still goes back to embrace and welcome them. On defense part, the hearts admits the mistakes and asks the head to provide any solution if any exists. The head fails to provide this demanded solution and it marks a failure on the part of the head.This essay stresses that another argument is raised relating to the moment when the head and the heart visited Legrand and Molinos. The head claims that it preferred the hearts opinion was not present when making decisions implying that the heart provided a wrong opinion contributing to a wrong decision. The head also claims that it was busy concentrating on constructive ideas while the heart was busy making friends and not contributing to meaningful development. The head claims that many friends took advantage of the hearts weakness to lie and pretend before the heart. The heart takes a chance to mock the events of the day that the head claimed to have done meaningful activities. In its mockery, the heart mocks the beautiful cities and the beautiful sceneries they both witnessed. According to the heart, the head did not do anything meaningful for that day.

Debate on the Ethics of Gun Control

Debate on the Ethics of Gun Control The Second Amendment to the Constitution states that, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed [16]. The Founding Fathers of the United States believed that the bearing of arms was essential to the character and dignity of a free people [3]. For this reason, they wrote a Second Amendment in the Bill of Rights which the last part reads the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. The Bill of Rights does not grant rights to the people, it is the list of the fundamental, inalienable rights, endowed in man by the founding fathers. These rights define Americans as a free and independent people. The phrase Gun Control means different things to different people, and opposing sides have for years fought over the laws that govern firearms. Gun control is defined as polices enacted by the government that limit the legal rights of gun owners to own, carry, or use firea rms, with the intent of reducing gun crimes such as murder, armed robbery, aggravated rape, and so on [4]. This coincides with Kants belief, that the morality of an act depends on a persons intentions (a good will), not the results of the act [1]. The problem here is the results of the act of controlling our individuals rights to bear arms is not always in everyones self interest. Two discrete ethical beliefs are at war in the gun control debate, social utilitarianism and individual rights. These two philosophies are incompatible and, further, that is impossible to secure or validate unlimited individual rights of gun owners on utilitarian grounds. The government uses utilitarianism to dismantle the individual rights of gun owners. Although, it is legal in the Constitution to regulate guns, it is still unethical. There is often debate over the term, well regulated in the opening line of the Second Amendment. Many would interpret this phrase to be controlled by the government or to be ruled. However, there are other meanings to the word regulated that collectivists sometimes fail to acknowledge. In a different context it can be interpreted as properly operating. It has also been debated that, well regulated militia has a meaning at that time in the nature of a properly function militia which would mean something along the lines of a properly trained and equipped militia [17]. The Supreme Court stated that It is undoubtedly true that all citizens capable of bearing arms constitute the reserved militia force or reserve militia of the United States and well as the States [17]. Although there are many interpretations of the term well regulated, most agree a properly functioning militia is necessary to the security of a free state. All should agree that reducing violent crime is a good thing. Gun advocates will acknowledge that guns act as an enabler for criminals and play a role in most violent crime. This statement is generally the basis of the anti-gun movement. They argue that since guns are commonly used in the commission of crimes and since guns are inherently dangerous because of their primary function (the primary function being the destruction of the target), that guns should therefore be outlawed. Many gun advocates, such as Gary Kleck, a Flordia State University criminology professor could counter this by saying that law-abiding citizens using firearms protect themselves from criminals 2.4 million times ever year [6]. Klecks findings are based on a 1993 random survey of approximately 6,000 households. Since the Bureau of Justice Statistics estimate that approximately 1.1 million violent crimes were committed with guns in 1992 [6], one could argue that there is a correlation between increased gun owne rship and a reduced crime rate. From a legal standpoint, class-action lawsuits have become more prevalent, some lawsuits have been brought against gun manufacturers on the grounds that they produce and distribute a dangerous product [6]. During the case of US v. Emerson, a federal appeals judge, Judge William Garwood upheld under the Second Amendment the right to own/possess a firearm even for a man who was under a restraining order issued at his estranged wifes request [2]. This decision overturned a law in Texas that made it illegal for someone with a restraining order to own/possess a gun. This law was overturned because it was decided that the Second Amendment indeed said that an individual has the right to keep and bear arms, not just the state. Any other argument regarding the legal rights of the individual under the Second Amendment seemed unnecessary, since the rights of the individual were upheld. This is only one example where the individual rights were upheld, but in most cases utilitarianism prevails. T his decision was overturned on the district level and only involved the state of Texas, only the Supreme Court can decided what is or is not constitutional. Both opposing viewpoints agree that the Second Amendment guarantees the right of the government to maintain an armed militia to protect the nation, but a struggle still exists whether or not it is the unlimited right to keep and bear arms for every individual. Most liberal politicians hold the utilitarian position, or collective rights position, that gives states the rights to maintain armed militias. Before Supreme Court decision of District of Columbia vs. Heller (2008), Nine of the eleven U.S. districts courts have long held a strong Collective Rights view that the Second Amendment covers only one matter: empowerment of government to maintain an armed militia to defend the U.S. as a whole [18]. These courts have contended that the Second Amendment doesnt extend to individual ownership of guns [18]. On March 18, 2008, the Supreme Court voted 5 to 4 to overturn the restrictive gun laws of Washington D.C., at the time which outlaws ownership of handguns, except for police officers. I t was concluded that the Second Amendment protects from state infringement of the individual right to own/possess a gun. This was the first time on a constitutional level that an individuals unlimited right to bear arms was recognized. This Supreme Court decision can be directly related to Rawlss belief that, a loss of freedom for some is not made right by a greater sum of satisfactions enjoyed by many, [1]. Moving away from the legal argument to the philosophical one, the first question to be posed is, is an act of self-defense from loss of life or limb morally justified? Few would answer this question with anything other than yes. The next question that arises is, Is it morally okay for everyone to possess a firearm for use in self-defense? The answer to this, without allowing for other uses of firearms must be yes. To defend ones self is instinctually right, and is rationally allowable as well. If threatened with a gun, it is difficult to effectively defend ones self with anything other than a gun [15]. Thus for self-defense, guns meet the requirement. The question then becomes, What type of guns should be allowed? If the purpose of the gun is to protect ones self, and ones family, then the answer must be, Whatever type of gun is needed to defend ones self and ones family. From this the question arises, From whom am I to defend myself? The answer of the Founding Father would have been , From both foreign and domestic tyranny. A gun that would protect from both foreign and domestic tyranny seems to be a tall order. Protection from domestic tyranny seems simple enough, since most cases of domestic tyranny are simply crimes committed against others by common thugs with less than state-of-the-art weaponry. Thomas Jefferson, however, saw a different domestic tyranny to defend against. The strongest reason for the people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in their government [11]. This reasoning demands that the citizen be equipped with arms that could reasonably be used to defend ones home against governmental invasion. The weapons that would be needed are the so-called assault weapons that the anti-gun lobby is trying to ban. These weapons are those that can carry high-capacity magazines (10 rounds or more of ammunition) and those that have such military-style features such as semi-automatic actions, flash suppressors, and muzzle brakes. Some would argue that these guns encourage illegal use and enable mass-shootings, but the fact is that the presence of even fully automatic machine guns in homes is not correlated with a high murder rate. Take for instance Switzerland, where every household is required to have a fully automatic weapon. Switzerlands rate of homicides by gun is lower than Canadas, despite the fact that Canada has almost a complete ban on all firearms [14]. Since statistics have entered the debate, the Utilitarian view seems to inevitably pop up. So, from a utilitarian standpoint, should gun control laws become more stringent? Should guns be banned altogether? If the answers are based on what would happen (or what would probably happen) if guns were banned, let us look at statistics from countries where such bans have been effected. In Australia, a law was passed that forced gun owners to turn over 640,381 private guns. The results after one year are astonishing, homicides increased by 3.2%, assaults increased by 8.6%, and armed robberies increased by 44%. These statistics seem to show a correlation between fewer legal guns and an increasing crime rate [12]. This conclusion is further supported by statistics from other countries. In Israel, where teachers carry guns, where one in five citizens is in the military, and where the gun ownership rate is higher than the U.S., the murder rate is 40% lower than Canadas. New Zealanders own as many guns as Americans, and yet their murder rate is lower than Australias [13]. Considering these statistics, the conclusion from a Utilitarian perspective is that gun ownership is ethically proper. The requirement of the greatest good for the greatest number seems to demand that whatever method brought about the lowest crime rate would be best, as long as that method does not infringe upon the rights of those involved, thus making them unhappy, and reducing the total good. Since gun control seems to lower the total good, and guns in the hands of the citizenry seems to increase the total good, the correct action is to allow guns. Lets take look at the other side of the debate. Elijah Weber, a journalist for Everyday Ethics, likes uses the harm principle when describing gun control. According to the harm principle, we can only ban something if it is harmful to others. Clearly, gun ownership leads to harmful effects due to gun related violence. Weber states, More than any statistical analysis can demonstrate, it should be obvious that a person can cause more harm with a gun than without one [10]. This is true, guns do cause harm when used for their intended purpose. The gun is only tool. Its use depends entirely on the character and purpose of the one who wields it. A tool is an instrumentality for the accomplishment of a particular goal. My car permits me to get to and from work; my computer allows me to communicate to the world without leaving my room. Certain guns are customized for hunting of animals, others are designed for one major purpose only: destruction of human beings. One of the most common uses of this certain tool is in self defense. Some number of gun owners certainly hope that life will put them in a situation where they can use their weapon for its intended purpose, but a much smaller number has actually sought these circumstances [9]. Our Second Amendment protects not the right to life, or self determination, but the right to keep and bear arms. The paradox is firearms are fact only tools; their use depends on the purpose and character of the user [8]. As tools, they can be, and are, used for both good and evil. This paradox, or tension, that we cannot protect what we value in man except through of the physical means of its ex pression, yet as tools their value is completely neutral or ambiguous [8]. This is much of the cause of the debate; we contemplate the value of our individual rights, and the extent to which it is permissible to restrict those rights. John Wallace states that empowerment of the individual should lead to more responsible use of the tool than denial and willful ignorance will [9]. Thus we are lead to believe by granting us our individual right to bear arms should lead to more ethically proper use of these tools. In sum, the so called harm principle has no bearing on the debate over gun control, guns are merely tools and how we use them depends on the character behind the trigger. Crime is everywhere, some people like to believe that they live, work, and travel only in special crime-free zones. The truth is crime can occur anywhere at any time, criminals do not play by anyone rules. Is your life worth protecting? If so, whose responsibility is it to protect it? If you believe that it is the polices, not only are you wrong, since the courts universally rule that the police have no legal obligation to do so [8], but you face another question. How can you rightfully ask another human being to risk his life to protect yours when you will assume no responsibility yourself? We often claim to be shocked that violent criminals possess no respect for our property, our liberty, or our lives. Yet why should criminals respect our property or lives, when we ourselves do not value them highly enough to assume the responsibility to defend them. I believe that one who values life and takes seriousness his or her responsibilities will possess and cultivate the means of properl y fighting back. The government and anti-gun lobbyists like to use the utilitarian perspective, greatest good for the greatest number. There is a problem with this approach, why should our right to defend ourselves depend on statistics such as crime rate. Should the legal right to defend your life be a function of the homicide or violent crime rate, so that the right comes into and goes out of existence as the rate rises or falls below a certain point? Since crime can happen to anyone, anywhere, anytime, thus, a government that arrogates to itself the power to judge, in the first instance your need or eligibility to own a gun can only believe that your life is not really worth protecting, at least until such time as you present strong proof to the contrary [8]. This utilitarian approach doesnt respect that each individual has an inalienable right to life and liberty and a moral right and obligation to defend oneself. During an interview with David Morabito, a New York lawyer I was able to pose some answers to interesting questions. First off, New York has much stricter laws pertaining to gun control than that of Michigan. Davids stance on gun control was that, Gun controls laws are in place for a certain reason, the reason is to protect society from violent crime, thus by keep firearms out of the hands of criminals. He agreed with me that using a handgun is a worthy way to protect yourself and/or your familys life, but there are other means available today that do not cause permanent injury. He recalled New Yorks legalization of self defense sprays, that they are much safer means of self protection. I also asked him how he felt about the strict licensing laws of his state and the banning of classes of guns. David stated, That strict licensing laws help keep firearms from getting into the wrong hands. As for banning of classes of guns, he used the AR, or assault rifle, as an example, No needs a fu lly automatic high capacity rifle to defend them from a common thug. He added, These weapons seem to only add to the problem of violent crime. In closing, David believed that handgun laws should be stricter, because he believes that they statically help reduce violent crime. Mr. Morabito obviously not a huge gun advocate, could be right, statistics do support him. For example, Dr. Arthur Kellerman, Director of Center for Injury Control at Emory University, concluded that guns in the home were 43 times more likely to kill a family member or acquaintance than an intruder, suggesting that it is criminally irresponsible to keep a gun in the home for self defense [8]. Kellerman believes his studies strongly show that the risks of having a gun in the home substantially outweigh the benefits, [8]. Florida State University criminology professor Gary Kleck has his own research that counters Kellerman. Based on his studies in 1993, Klecks research suggests that guns are used far more often to deter than to commit a crime. 1 in 6 of Klecks respondents who had used a gun in self defense was almost certain that a life would have been lost without the gun, implying that guns save about 400,000 lives each year [6]. Kleck points out that even if one-tenth of those people were right, the number of lives saved by guns would still exceed the 38,000 killed by gun s [6]. Asserting that Klecks statistics justify owning or carrying a firearm commits the same fault that asserting that Kellermans statistics justify not owning or banning firearms. Both Kellerman and Kleck treat the gun as an agent; an agent with the power to effect results. Guns are just tools that serve a purpose and we the people are the agents. Thus, statistics are only numbers that will change year to year and place to place. Numbers cannot be the sole justification whether gun control needs to be more stringent or lenient. Bart Marlette, a Clinton Township police officer, was asked questions similar to those asked of David Morabito during a recent phone interview. When asked what his stance was on gun control, Officer Marlette replied, I am neutral on the subject, gun control laws in Michigan could be always be improved but there is not necessity to change them at this point in time. Officer Marlette also agreed that a handgun is a worthy way to protect yourself and your family. He does not believe that existence of licensing laws, instant check procedures and the banning of certain guns redefine peaceable citizens as criminals as some may argue. When asked if proper CPL (Concealed Pistol License) holders should be allowed to carry on college campuses, Officer Marlette supported the idea. He stated, As long as they are properly trained and responsible, he did not see the harm. He stated he sometimes worries about his son attending Wayne State University in Detroit because of the violent crime there. Th e Gun Free School Zone Act of 1990 made it a crime to possess a gun in a school zone, defined as the school grounds and the area 1,000 feet in the radius of those grounds [8]. The prominent principle of the gun-free school zone act is that laws can keep guns out of schools, but law does not have the power to prevent crime. Any person that believes the gun-free school zone act to be a rational law or good idea merely reflects his failure to understand the absurdity of the laws founding principle [8]. I could not agree more, no law has the power to prevent crime, or in any case control conduct. For this law to work, you would have to expect that a person who is willing to commit a violent crime such as rape or murder will be prevented because he or she will respect the law, not bring a gun to school, and feels the laws proscribing punishment for those crimes have no hold upon him or her. The problem is such a law can never work, because choice and freedom cannot be eliminated, and wit hout responsibility, law has no force but brute force [8]. The gun-free school zone act has become a tool for satisfying emotion need for safety of our children. Utilitarianism is the opposite side of Kants theory of ethics. Kants theory is based on human reason; utilitarianism is based on reason and experience [1]. The problem with utilitarianism is that the greatest happiness for the majority might be at the cost of the misery for a few. Thus, doing what promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number might not be always the right thing to do. Utilitarianism can best be explained in the case: The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas. The city of Omelas is presented as a perfect utopia. It has everything you could ever want or desire, but it comes at a cost. All the people of Omelas know that their happiness, their perfect utopia depends on one child. This child has to be locked in a small room in the basement at all times. Their entire happiness depends solely on this one childs misery. If this child were to be let out of this room, all that makes the city of Omelas would be destroyed. In sum, utilitarianism demonstrates that there is no way to make anyone better off without making someone worse off [1]. Your individual right can be directly related to this one child. The utilitarian ethics is naturally inconsistent with the ethics of individual rights. Now, if individuals are permitted to have certain rights only so long as their exercise of those rights is perceived to serve or bring the greatest good of the greatest number, they in fact have no inalienable or individual rights [8]. Thus, when gun advocates such as Gary Kleck, defend the right to own and carry guns with utilitarian arguments, there are in no sense defending individual right. Instead, they are just trying to convince the greatest number to permit them to exercise such a freedom as the right to bear arms. Under an individual right ethics, individuals may not be treated solely as a means to an end but must also be treated, in Kants words, as ends in themselves [1]. Everyone possesses their own free will and I believe freedom is what America was founded upon. Therefore, it is unethical to restrict ones right to bear arms on the account that another man that has abused his freedom. U tilitarianism justifies using some merely as a means to the fulfillment of others ends, so long as those who are to be sacrificed are not too numerous [8]. This is saying that no individual has the right to life, and his rights are being thrown aside in pursuit of the greatest good. Nothing changes that individuals have the fundamental right to carry and own arms, and everyone has the right to life. I will end with this, You can have my gun when you pry it from my cold dead hands.

Artificial Intelligence :: Technology Robots Essays

Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is a key component to the vision for human-centric computing. Within the wide arena of artificial intelligence, expert systems could become useful for completing specific complex tasks. AI will remain valuable regardless of whether we're able to build fully- functioning robots or human-esque brains. AI, the harnessing of intelligence on the computer, will turn complex thought processes into fast computer simulations; it will be used to analyze past events and predict the future. "The ability of these systems to explain the reasoning process through back-traces and to handle levels of confidence and uncertainty provides an additional feature that conventional programming can't handle." (PC AI) The possibilities are endless. Vision The vision of expert systems is straight forward: to replace complex human thought processes and tasks with computer programs using Artificial Intelligence. For example, create a "stock broker" program to analyze stock prospects. Or create a program to make a decision on whether or not to hire somebody. The fun doesn't stop there: many complex tasks can be done by computers using Expert Systems. This is done by emulating human logic on a machine. For example, an expert system for die polishing was developed: "Several studies on the decision making for polishing sequence and conditions using an expert system in the polishing process have been reported." (Ahn) Also, "Tricks from neural networks and expert systems are used in a smart-vision engine called AIMS-an automatic inspection and management system for finished printed-circuit boards, specifically printed-wiring assembly and high-density interconnect." (Johnson) In the overall vision of human-centric computing, this means that peo ple will one day be able to go to their computers, and not only have the interface of the machine built around them, but the machine will be able to be an "expert" in any number of areas; allowing them to perform complex analysis on data or perhap! s aid them in the creation of any number of things. Objective As the speed of computers increases, and the complexity of AI routines increases, the computer industry should be able to create software applications that replace many of the complex human thought processes. The computer industry should be able to economically create systems to do such tasks as analyze data, create data to meet your needs, and more. This should increase the productivity of the World's work force by greatly. This is the ultimate in human-centric computing applications; with this technology, our most complex work will be done easily on the computer.

What is BigData?!How is it secure!!

Nowadays the volume of data and information has grown massively since the beginning of computer , so did the ways of processing and handling those on-growing data , the hardware software and so did the ability to keep those data secure has evolved as well , mobiles , social-media and all deferent types of data caused the data to grow even more and more !! the huge data volume has exceeded a single machine processing capacity and conventional competing mechanisms ! Which led to the use of parallel and distributed processing mechanisms but hence data are expected to increase even more ,the mechanisms and technique as well as hardware, software need to be improved . IntroductionSince the beginning of computers, the people had used landline phones but now they have smartphones. Apart from that, they are also using bulky desktops for processing data, they were using floppiest then hard disk and nowadays they are using cloud for storing data. Similarly, nowadays even self-driving cars have come up and it is one of the Internet of things (IOT) examples. We can notice due to this enhancement of technology we're generating a huge amount of data. Let's take the example of IOT, have imagined how much data is generated due to using the smart air conditioners, this device actually monitors the body temperature and the outside temperature and accordingly decides what should be the temperature of the room. So, we can actually, see that because of IOT we are generating a huge amount of data. Another example of smartphones, every action even one video or image that is sent through any messenger app will generate data. The data that generate from varicose resources are in structured, semi-structured and structured format. List this data is not in a format that our relational database can handle and apart from that even the volume of data has also increased exponentially. We can define Big data as a collection of data sets very large and complex that it is difficult to analyze using conventional data processing applications or database system tools. In this paper firstly, we will define the big data and how to classify a data as big data. Then, we will discuss the privacy and the security in big data and how the infrastructure techniques can process, store and often also analyses a huge amount of data with different formats. Therefore we'll see how Hadoop solve these problems and understand few components of Hadoop framework as well as NoSQL and cloud. What is a big data and how to consider a data as a big data? A widely definition of big data belongs to IDC: â€Å"big data technologies describe a new generation of technologies and architectures, designed to economically extract value from very large volumes of a wide variety of data, by enabling the high-velocity capture, discovery, and/ or analysis† [ (Reinsel, 2011) ] According to the 4V's we can classify the data as a big dataThe 4V's are: 1- Volume of data: it is tremendously large. 2- Variety: different kinds of data is being generated from various sources: Structured: have a proper schema for your data in a tabular format like table.semi-structured schema is not defined properly like XML E-mail and CSV format. un-structured like audio video images. 3- Velocity: data is being generated at an alarming rate. With Clint-server model the time came for the web applications and the internet boom. Nowadays everyone started using all this applications not only from their computers and also from smartphones. So more users more appliances and hence a lot of data. 4- Value: mechanism to bring the correct meaning out of the data. We need to make sure that whatever analysis we have done it is of some value. That is it will help in business to grow. Or it has some value to it. [ (MATTURDI Bardi1, 2014) ] Infrastructure techniques   There are many tools and technologies used to deal with a huge amount of data (manage, analyze, and organize them): Hadoop: It's an open source platform managed under the Apache Software Foundation, and its also called-Apache Hadoop-, and it applies processing a huge amount of data â€Å"It allows to work with structured and unstructured data arrays of dimension from 10 to 100 Gb and even more†[ (V.Burunova)] and that have done by using a set of servers . Hadoop consists of two modules that are, MapReduce which distributed data processing among multiple servers and Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) for storing data on distributed clusters. Hadoop monitors the correct work of clusters and can detect and retrieve any error or failure for one or more of connecting nodes and by this way Hadoop efforts increasing in core processing and storage size and high availability. â€Å"Hadoop is usually used in a large cluster or a public cloud service such as Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, and Amazon† [ (Hadeer Mahmoud, 2018)]. NoSql:Nowaday, the global Internet is handled with many users and large data. To make large numbers of users use it simultaneously. To support this, we will use the NoSql database technology. NoSql: it is non-relational database starting in 2009 used for distributed data management system [ (Harrison, 2010)]  Characteristics of NoSql :Schema less: data insert into Nosql without first defining a rigid database it provides immense application flexibility.Auto-Sharding: data prevalence through server automatically, without requiring application to participateScalable replication and distribution: more machine can be easily added to the system according to the requirements of the user and software.Queries return answer quickly.Open source development.The popular models of NoSql:Key value-store.Column OrientedDocument StoreGraph Datab ase  [ (Abhishek Prasad1, 2014)]2.MapReduce frame work :is an algorithm that was created by google to handle and process massive amounts of Data (BigData) in reasonable time using parallel and distributed computing techniques, in other-words data are processed in a distributed way before transmission, this algorithm simply divides Big volumes of data into many smaller chunks. These chunks are map-ed to many computers then after doing the required calculations the data are brought back together to reduce the resulting data set , so as you can see the MapReduce algorithm consists of to main functions :   User-defined Map function : This function takes an input pair and generates a Key/Value set of pairs, the MapReduce library puts all values with same integrated key, then it will be passed to the reduce function. User-defined Reduce function:   Function that accepts all integrated keys and related values from the map function to combine values in-order to form a smaller set of values . Its generally produce 1 or 0 output values.   Ã‚  MapReduce programs can be run in 3 modes:   A. Stand-Alone Mode: only runs JVM (java virtual machine) , no distributed components it uses Linux file system.    B. Pseudo-Distributed Mode: starts a several JVM processes on the same machine.C. Fully-Distributed Mode: runs on multiple machines distributed mode it uses the HDFS. Sparks. (Yang, 2012 )Stands for Scalable Big Bioacoustics Pressing Platform.Is a scalable audio framework existed to handle and process large audio files efficiently by converting the acoustic recordings into a spectrograms(Visual representation of the sound) and then it analyses the recording areas ,this framework is implemented using BigData platforms such as HDFS and Spark . B2P2 main components are:A. Master Node: this node is responsible of manage distribution and control all other nods , its main function are :1-File-distributor, Distribution-Manager : it splits the file into smaller chunks to be distributed on the slave nodes.2-Job-Distributor, Process-Manager: assigns processing tasks that runs on each slave node and gather the outputted files. (Srikanth Thudumu, 2016)A Comprehensive Study on Big Data Security and Integrity Over Cloud Storage Big data requires a tremendous measure of capacity. Information in Big data might be in an unstructured organization, without standard designing, and information sources can be passed the conventional corporate database. Putting away little and medium measured business association's information in a cloud as Big Data is a superior choice for information examination work store Big Data in Network-Attached Storage (NAS). The Big Data put away in the cloud can be broke down utilizing a programming procedure called MapReduce in which question is passed and information are brought. e extricated inquiry comes about is at that point lessened to the informational index important to question. is inquiry handling is at the same time done utilizing NAS gadgets. though MapReduce calculation utilization in Big Data is all around refreshing by numerous analysts as it is without an outline and file free, it requires parsing of each record at perusing point. Is the greatest hindrance of MapReduce calculation use for inquiry preparing in distributed computing. Securing Big Data in Cloud there are a few techniques that canbe utilized to secure hugeinformation in cloud conditions. Inthis area, we will analyze a couple oftechniques.1- Source Validation and Filtering:Data is originating from varioussources, with various arrangementsand merchants. the capacity expertought to confirm and approve thesource before putting away theinformation in distributed storage.the information is sifted through thepassage point itself so security canbe kept up. Application Software Security:the essential worry of Big Data is tostore a gigantic volume ofinformation and not about security.Subsequently, it is prudent to utilizeinitially secure renditions of soproduct to get the data. through opensource, so product and freeware maybe modest, it might bring aboutsecurity breaks. Access Control andAuthentication:the distributed storage supplier mustactualize secure access control andconfirmation systems. It needs tofurnish a few solicitations of theclient's with their parts. at thedifficulty in forcing theseinstruments is that solicitationsmight be from various areas.Scarcely any safe cloud specialistorganizations give validation andaccess control just on enrolled IPtends to in this way guaranteeingsecurity vulnerabilities24. Securingfavored client get to requires all-around characterized securitycontrols and approaches. (Ramakrishnan2, 2016) References  Abhishek Prasad1, B. N. (2014). A Comparative Study of NoSQL Databases. India: National Institute of Technology.Hadeer Mahmoud, A. H. (2018).An approach for Big Data Security bassed on Hadoop Distributed file system . Egypt: Aswan University.Harrison, B. G. (2010). In Search of the Elastic Database. Information Today.MATTURDI Bardi1, Z. X. (2014).Big Data security and privacy: A review. Beijing: University of Science and Technology.Ramakrishnan2, J. R. (2016). A Comprehensive Study on Big Data Security. Indian: ournal of Science and Technology.Reinsel, J. G. (2011).Extracting Value from Chaos. IDC Go-to-Market Services.Srikanth Thudumu, S. G. (2016). A Scalable Big Bioacoustic Processing Platform. Sydney: IEEE.V.Burunova, A. (n.d.). The Big Datsa Analysis. Russia: Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University.Yang, G. (2012 ).The Application of MapReduce in the Cloud Computing. Hubei: IEEE.

Essays for Dummies

Essays for Dummies Essay for dummies, is an article aimed to increase knowledge of writing a proper essay. The dummy series of the articles is written in order to help write a good essay. When using essays for dummies article – you may be sure you will get by far the best explanation of the essay writing process. In order to get good essays for dummies – you have to strictly follow all instructions, which are provided in essays for dummies, and make sure you understand the essays for dummies part and perform actions accordingly. There are different divisions of essays for dummies such as admission essays for dummies, college admission essays for dummies, college essays for dummies, high school essays for dummies, and university essays for dummies. All these subdivisions categorize according to the essays for dummies academic institution you need to write for. In order to use the essays for dummies – you simply have to follow the simple essays for dummies writing tips and essays for dummies guide. When wondering how to write essays for dummies, you simply have to remember to make a proper structure your essays for dummies, and make sure you have a good outline and clear algorithm of all elements in your essay. Some students have problems with the formats and referencing and citation. Students required something more like a MLA essays for dummies or APA essays for dummies. These publications help a student understand how to write essays for dummies, and how to format them properly in order not to get caught in plagiarism. Essays for dummies can clearly explain all the hardships of writing essays for dummies in MLA format and essays for dummies in APA format. By following these essays for dummies instructions – you may ensure yourself in writing a proper essay for school, high school, college and university. Essays for dummies are written in a manner that every student will be able to understand. If you are having difficulties and troubles with writing an essay with the help of essays for dummies, you might consider ordering a paper in order to avoid all hardships with the essays for dummies. The whole process of ordering a paper is very easy, and all you need is enough funds to order a good profound essay, and avoid using the essays for dummies. The custom essays for dummies are usually of outstanding quality, and all you need to do is get good instructions for the writer to understand them. If the writer misunderstands the point of your essay, he might write not exactly what you’ve been expecting. If you are having troubles with essays for dummies, you need academic assistance from someone who is able to provide quality essay help and help you understand what essays for dummies are all about.

Research Paper Conclusion

Research Paper Conclusion Research Paper Conclusion Research Paper Conclusion All research paper ideas should be organized in a plan. Research paper should have the following parts: Title page. It should contain full title of your research paper, your name, and name of the institution, the date, course, etc. Table of contents. Remember that new chapter of the research paper should begin on a new page. The research paper should be divided into the chapters using logical method; the major chapter should be subdivided into sections and subsections. Abstract and Introduction. This is the overview of the whole research paper. It gives reader an opportunity to learn what the research paper is about. Focus and narrow your research, present a summary of your findings and outline research paper main ideas.   Body and Literary review. Tells the reason why you have started to write this research paper, prove your understanding of the problem you've decided to investigate. Literature review helps to put your research into a background context and to explain its importance. While writing a research paper, include only the books and articles which are directly relevant to your topic. Remember that you need to be analytical and critical and not just describe the works that you have read. You should describe methods and principles which were used and why you've decided that they were the appropriate for your research paper writing. Give a clear presentation of your results while writing a research paper. Show the results and calculations. Explain how they compare with those of others who have done research in the same field of study. Conclusion. Research paper conclusion should summarize briefly the main points which were discussed in the body. Note whether you have answered all of the questions which you raised while writing a research paper. Bibliography. List all the sources cited throughout the research paper. Research Paper Writing While writing a research paper, you should use numerous resources.   In-depth research helps you to understand what is known about a given phenomenon, what experiments or project were done on the chosen topic in science. A literature review should demonstrate that you have read and analyzed literature relevant to your topic. So, you should select and analyze the books and articles which are related to your topic. The aim of review is to provide you and your readers with information of what is already known on your topic. Research Paper Help Research paper writing is not easy and many students simply do not have enough time to conduct a research and to present all of the findings.   offer you an opportunity to benefit from our professional research paper writing service.   We are able to help you with research paper writing on any topic, of any complexity, and of any urgency.

Air Transport Management and Operations Dissertation

Air Transport Management and Operations - Dissertation Example Airline industry profitability leans towards the elusive, and a need exists for rapid restructuring to retain the competitive advantage. Operational management of air transport operations now confronts new challenges because competition, increased fuel prices, security threats, recessionary and inflationary pressures, requirements for integrating well in the global transport system and employee union expectations present substantial pressures to deliver service excellence economically without compromising on safety or security. This dissertation presents a discussion about air transport management and operations in the new age. Declaration I certify that, except where cited in the text, this work is the result of research carried out by the author of this study. _____________________________________________ Name and Signature of Author January 2011 This write - up is for a dissertation on Air Transport Management and Operations. ... table accidents by phase of flight 21 Figure 6: Worldwide reportable accidents by occurrence category 21 Figure 7: Worldwide fatal accidents by occurrence category 22 Figure 8: Worldwide fatal accidents by operator region 22 Figure 9: Worldwide jet and turboprop fatal accident rate by type of service 23 Figure 10: Primary causal factor categories for accidents 24 Figure 11: Impact of relational coordination on airline performance 25 Figure 12: Percentage of employees represented by unions at major US airlines 26 Figure 13: Labour conflict at the major US airlines: number of strikes and arbitrations, mediations and releases since 1985 27 Figure 14: Average months required to reach contract agreement at major airlines 28 (This page intentionally left blank) Chapter 1 – Introduction In the present day and age, the most complex transportation systems and the most complex manufactured systems in the world support commercial aviation (Barnhart, 2007, Pp. 1 – 2). The worldâ₠¬â„¢s airlines and air cargo movers are the largest players in national and global air transportation systems, with the aerospace industry providing the planes and aerospace systems that make things happen (Wensveen, 2007, Chapters 1 and 4). Although the military aviation sector presents substantial statistics, general aviation is by far the largest segment of aviation based on the number of aircraft, the number of pilots and the number of airports and communities served (Wensveen, 2007, Pp. 111 – 112). According to Wensveen (2007, Pp. 112), in the year 2007 general aviation presented an industry worth US$ 40 billion, which generated more than US$100 billion in annually. This discussion focuses on the management aspects of air transport operations, with an emphasis on general management, human resource

Steelco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Steelco - Research Paper Example Thus theirs is a typical business-to-business product, and the direct buyers rely more on the standardized specifications in the industry rather than going by any other criteria or mandate. So far the brand of Steelco is concerned, it is already a known brand within the industry and the key players down the line who act as the direct customers of the products sold by Steelco are aware about the products as well as buy them. Thus it is clear that brand awareness is not required by Steelco. However, given that the new products have not been taken well by the direct customers of Steelco, the branding strategy needs a thorough relook so that both the existing products as well as the new products may be branded in such a way that demands for both these product lines may be augmented. In this regard, in order to take a relook at the branding strategy deployed by Steelco, the first step could be to analyse the existing branding strategy as well as activities of the firm. To this end, the concept of POP and POD comes into play. Kotler (2007) has noted that points of parity or (POP) refers to those associations that are not essentially unique to the brand, however these points may overlap with other brands. He has further noted that the concept of competitive points of parity holds that the associations that are designed in order to negate the points of difference of the competitors. On the other hand, Keller, Jacob and Parameshwaran (2011) have been of the opinion that points o difference are attributes or benefits that consumers strongly associate with a particular brand and are even of the belief that the particular point cannot be found to the same extent with any other brand available. In this context, Steelco has already gone by the typical routes of business to business marketing as well as brand building activities. Their awareness about the new product program has included informing about the latest development at their end to their customers through